1. The need for nutrients and absorption of vegetables The need for nutrients in vegetables varies with the type of vegetables and the physiological functions of each nutrient.
Nitrogen: is an important component of protein, chlorophyll, enzymes, phospholipids, nucleic acids and many nitrogen-containing substances in plant protoplasts.
Adequate nitrogen: protein synthesis process is strengthened, cell growth is strong, photosynthesis is strong, plant growth is strong, and speed is accelerated.
Insufficient nitrogen: reduced chlorophyll content, reduced photosynthetic capacity, slow growth, and small yellowish leaves.
Excessive nitrogen: Plant growth is too strong, development is blocked, seed development is slow, mechanical tissue is underdeveloped or long.
Phosphorus: is the main element that constitutes nucleic acids, nuclear proteins and phospholipids. Phospholipids and nuclear proteins are important components of the cytoplasm and nucleus. They promote the development of reproductive organs and are early maturity of crops.
Phosphorus deficiency: cell division of meristematic cells is not normal, plant roots and shoot growth are weakened, so the effect of phosphorus application at seedling stage and fruit and vegetable vegetables is more obvious.
Phosphorus is an energy supplier in plants and plays an important role in carbohydrate conversion, transportation and accumulation.
Potassium: Does not participate in the composition of important organic matter in plants, but it is an essential element of plants, and it has a large absorption capacity, and is mainly distributed in active parts of metabolism in plants, which plays a regulatory role.
Potassium is closely related to the synthesis and operation of carbohydrates in plants. Potassium promotes the development of plant mechanical tissues, makes stems strong, and promotes photosynthesis.
When potassium is sufficient, the disease resistance is enhanced and the quality is improved. Potassium is also called a healthy element and a quality element.
In addition to the three major elements, other elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements such as iron, boron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, copper, chlorine, sodium, etc. are necessary, such as the lack of certain elements in the soil, and If you can't supply it in time, you will have a "deficiency disease."
2. Nutritional characteristics and fertilization characteristics of various vegetables (1) Chinese cabbage: including Chinese cabbage, small green vegetables, rapeseed, rapeseed and so on.
These vegetables have large leaf areas, large transpiration, but shallow roots, thus requiring higher soil water content and fertile soil. Since such vegetables increase the yield by increasing the number of leaves in the leaf area, the supply of sufficient nitrogen is the key to the high yield of Chinese cabbage. If the nitrogen is insufficient, the spider is short, the leaves are few, and the leaves at the base of the stem are easy to wither and fall off, and the tissue is rough. However, when there is too much nitrogen, the tissue has a high water content, which is not conducive to storage and is susceptible to disease. When the supply of phosphorus and potassium is insufficient in the later stage, it is often difficult to form a ball. In terms of tons of production, nitrogen is 0.8-2.6 kg, phosphorus pentoxide is 0.8-1.2 kg, and potassium oxide is 3.2-3.7 kg. Its absorption ratio is 1: 0.5:1.7.
(2) Solanum: tomato, eggplant, sweet pepper The common feature of these vegetables is that they are buds and flowers. Therefore, in production, we must pay attention to adjusting the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproductive growth in order to obtain a good harvest.
Solanaceous vegetables need to supply sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients during the growth process. Insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus will not only delay flower bud differentiation, but also affect flower development. After entering reproductive growth, the demand for phosphorus has increased sharply. Attention should be paid to the application of phosphate fertilizer to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Tomatoes are deficient in potassium at the end of their reproductive years. Rhombus, hollow fruit, green back shoulders and tendon rot are often formed, thereby reducing the quality of the goods.
From the point of view of nutrient absorption, sweet pepper is a high-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus, high-potassium vegetable, and eggplant and tomato are medium-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus, and medium-potassium vegetables, which are calculated in tons of production.
n p2o5 k2o ratio tomato 3.18 0.74 4.83 1:0.2:1.5
Sweet pepper 4.91 1.19 6.02 1:0.2:1.2
(3) melons: cucumbers, pumpkins, cilantro, melons, etc. They are typical vegetative growth and reproductive growth. After entering the melon period, the nutrient competition between growth and fruiting is more prominent, so it should be adjusted on the fertilizer water. .
Cucumber was measured in tons of production n4.10, p2o52.30, k2o5.50, ratio 1:0.6:1.3.
3. Main problems existing in current vegetable fertilization (1) Excessive application of chemical fertilizers;
(2) n, p, k nutrient ratio imbalance, n, p more, less k;
(3) Improper fertilization method, mainly because the application of compound fertilizer is unreasonable, and the proportion of compound fertilizer for topdressing is large, which causes blind application of p and k fertilizer and wastes resources.
4. Balanced fertilization (1) Based on organic manure Re-application of organic fertilizer is the material basis for improving the high yield and stable yield of vegetables, and is also an important measure for the construction and cultivation of new vegetable fields. It is forbidden to use municipal garbage and sludge, hospital waste and harmful and toxic substances. It is strictly forbidden to use unfertilized human excrement on vegetables, and it is forbidden to directly and pour human urine (or with water) green leaves. On the vegetables.
(2) Balanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients On the basis of organic fertilizer, the application of chemical fertilizer is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of vegetables. In the application of chemical fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be balanced, especially the use of potash. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied once as a base fertilizer, and no top dressing should be done.
(3) Adjust the amount of fertilization according to the specific conditions, and the amount of fertilizer applied according to the balance (formulation) fertilization is suitable for normal fertilization under normal cultivation and normal climatic conditions, but the soil fertility intensity is different considering the different growing seasons of the vegetables. Generally, the early spring is in the low temperature to high temperature growing season, and the growth in the early stage is slow, and it is necessary to properly increase the fertilizer to promote growth. Autumn amaranth is in the growing season from high temperature to low temperature. It grows fast in the early stage and should be properly controlled by weight loss. However, in actual production, it is permissible to adjust the amount of fertilizer applied according to the specific conditions, and generally increase or decrease the amount of fertilizer applied by 10%-20%.
(4) Pay close attention to the changes of soil available nutrient content and adjust the fertilization formula. The fertilization scheme is based on the measured value of soil nutrients. By fertilizing, in addition to most nutrients being absorbed by plants, some nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium, accumulate in the soil, thereby increasing the level of soil available nutrients. Therefore, the soil quick-acting nutrient speed meter is used regularly for soil determination, and the soil available nutrient content changes are closely monitored to adjust the fertilization formula or to purchase suitable compound fertilizer according to soil nutrient status.
Nitrogen: is an important component of protein, chlorophyll, enzymes, phospholipids, nucleic acids and many nitrogen-containing substances in plant protoplasts.
Adequate nitrogen: protein synthesis process is strengthened, cell growth is strong, photosynthesis is strong, plant growth is strong, and speed is accelerated.
Insufficient nitrogen: reduced chlorophyll content, reduced photosynthetic capacity, slow growth, and small yellowish leaves.
Excessive nitrogen: Plant growth is too strong, development is blocked, seed development is slow, mechanical tissue is underdeveloped or long.
Phosphorus: is the main element that constitutes nucleic acids, nuclear proteins and phospholipids. Phospholipids and nuclear proteins are important components of the cytoplasm and nucleus. They promote the development of reproductive organs and are early maturity of crops.
Phosphorus deficiency: cell division of meristematic cells is not normal, plant roots and shoot growth are weakened, so the effect of phosphorus application at seedling stage and fruit and vegetable vegetables is more obvious.
Phosphorus is an energy supplier in plants and plays an important role in carbohydrate conversion, transportation and accumulation.
Potassium: Does not participate in the composition of important organic matter in plants, but it is an essential element of plants, and it has a large absorption capacity, and is mainly distributed in active parts of metabolism in plants, which plays a regulatory role.
Potassium is closely related to the synthesis and operation of carbohydrates in plants. Potassium promotes the development of plant mechanical tissues, makes stems strong, and promotes photosynthesis.
When potassium is sufficient, the disease resistance is enhanced and the quality is improved. Potassium is also called a healthy element and a quality element.
In addition to the three major elements, other elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements such as iron, boron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, copper, chlorine, sodium, etc. are necessary, such as the lack of certain elements in the soil, and If you can't supply it in time, you will have a "deficiency disease."
2. Nutritional characteristics and fertilization characteristics of various vegetables (1) Chinese cabbage: including Chinese cabbage, small green vegetables, rapeseed, rapeseed and so on.
These vegetables have large leaf areas, large transpiration, but shallow roots, thus requiring higher soil water content and fertile soil. Since such vegetables increase the yield by increasing the number of leaves in the leaf area, the supply of sufficient nitrogen is the key to the high yield of Chinese cabbage. If the nitrogen is insufficient, the spider is short, the leaves are few, and the leaves at the base of the stem are easy to wither and fall off, and the tissue is rough. However, when there is too much nitrogen, the tissue has a high water content, which is not conducive to storage and is susceptible to disease. When the supply of phosphorus and potassium is insufficient in the later stage, it is often difficult to form a ball. In terms of tons of production, nitrogen is 0.8-2.6 kg, phosphorus pentoxide is 0.8-1.2 kg, and potassium oxide is 3.2-3.7 kg. Its absorption ratio is 1: 0.5:1.7.
(2) Solanum: tomato, eggplant, sweet pepper The common feature of these vegetables is that they are buds and flowers. Therefore, in production, we must pay attention to adjusting the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproductive growth in order to obtain a good harvest.
Solanaceous vegetables need to supply sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients during the growth process. Insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus will not only delay flower bud differentiation, but also affect flower development. After entering reproductive growth, the demand for phosphorus has increased sharply. Attention should be paid to the application of phosphate fertilizer to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Tomatoes are deficient in potassium at the end of their reproductive years. Rhombus, hollow fruit, green back shoulders and tendon rot are often formed, thereby reducing the quality of the goods.
From the point of view of nutrient absorption, sweet pepper is a high-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus, high-potassium vegetable, and eggplant and tomato are medium-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus, and medium-potassium vegetables, which are calculated in tons of production.
n p2o5 k2o ratio tomato 3.18 0.74 4.83 1:0.2:1.5
Sweet pepper 4.91 1.19 6.02 1:0.2:1.2
(3) melons: cucumbers, pumpkins, cilantro, melons, etc. They are typical vegetative growth and reproductive growth. After entering the melon period, the nutrient competition between growth and fruiting is more prominent, so it should be adjusted on the fertilizer water. .
Cucumber was measured in tons of production n4.10, p2o52.30, k2o5.50, ratio 1:0.6:1.3.
3. Main problems existing in current vegetable fertilization (1) Excessive application of chemical fertilizers;
(2) n, p, k nutrient ratio imbalance, n, p more, less k;
(3) Improper fertilization method, mainly because the application of compound fertilizer is unreasonable, and the proportion of compound fertilizer for topdressing is large, which causes blind application of p and k fertilizer and wastes resources.
4. Balanced fertilization (1) Based on organic manure Re-application of organic fertilizer is the material basis for improving the high yield and stable yield of vegetables, and is also an important measure for the construction and cultivation of new vegetable fields. It is forbidden to use municipal garbage and sludge, hospital waste and harmful and toxic substances. It is strictly forbidden to use unfertilized human excrement on vegetables, and it is forbidden to directly and pour human urine (or with water) green leaves. On the vegetables.
(2) Balanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients On the basis of organic fertilizer, the application of chemical fertilizer is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of vegetables. In the application of chemical fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be balanced, especially the use of potash. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied once as a base fertilizer, and no top dressing should be done.
(3) Adjust the amount of fertilization according to the specific conditions, and the amount of fertilizer applied according to the balance (formulation) fertilization is suitable for normal fertilization under normal cultivation and normal climatic conditions, but the soil fertility intensity is different considering the different growing seasons of the vegetables. Generally, the early spring is in the low temperature to high temperature growing season, and the growth in the early stage is slow, and it is necessary to properly increase the fertilizer to promote growth. Autumn amaranth is in the growing season from high temperature to low temperature. It grows fast in the early stage and should be properly controlled by weight loss. However, in actual production, it is permissible to adjust the amount of fertilizer applied according to the specific conditions, and generally increase or decrease the amount of fertilizer applied by 10%-20%.
(4) Pay close attention to the changes of soil available nutrient content and adjust the fertilization formula. The fertilization scheme is based on the measured value of soil nutrients. By fertilizing, in addition to most nutrients being absorbed by plants, some nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium, accumulate in the soil, thereby increasing the level of soil available nutrients. Therefore, the soil quick-acting nutrient speed meter is used regularly for soil determination, and the soil available nutrient content changes are closely monitored to adjust the fertilization formula or to purchase suitable compound fertilizer according to soil nutrient status.
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