The so-called fruit tree according to the law of high-efficiency fertilization is based on the characteristics of the fertilizer required for each stage of fruit trees and the fertilizer requirements of fruit trees for targeted and targeted fertilization.
The absorption of fertilizer by fruit trees is mainly done by the root hairs in the roots. Fertilization in the root hair area can improve the utilization rate of fertilizers, increase production and increase income. In general, the distribution of horizontal roots is 1~1.5 times of the diameter of the fruit tree, but most of them are concentrated in the outer edge of the canopy projection, which is vertically distributed, which is different due to different tree species, soil quality and management level. Generally, the roots of apple, peach, plum and other fruit trees are distributed shallowly, about 40 cm; the roots of pears, grapes and other fruit trees are distributed deep, about 70-80 cm. Fertilization should be applied at the edge of the canopy projection or a little further. Fruit trees with deep root distribution should be applied in a deep manner, and vice versa.
The decomposition of organic fertilizer is slow, but the fertilizer application period is long, and it can be applied in a proper way; the fertilizer has great mobility and can be applied shallowly. For densely planted orchards, deep application can be carried out between rows, and shallow application between plants, it is best not to hurt or less damage the roots, so as to fully exert the fertilizer effect, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, and achieve the purpose of increasing production and income. The specific content of the efficient fertilization method for fruit trees according to the law is:
First, according to the characteristics of fertilizers required in each stage of fruit trees and the law of fertilizer demand, the whole year should be divided into five times of topdressing.
1. Pursue flower-preserving fertilizer before flowering: If the fruit tree is germinated and flowering, it will consume more nutrients. If the nutrient supply is insufficient in the previous year, the nutrient supply will not be timely, which will prolong the flowering period and reduce the fruit setting. Therefore, before the flowering, the amount of quick-acting fertilizer should be applied in an appropriate amount. Under the condition of spraying, the borax aqueous solution of 250 times of 250 times can be sprayed at the flowering stage to preserve the flower and preserve the fruit, and greatly improve the fruit setting rate and the fruit type correct rate. It is advisable to apply 500% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 20% of the total amount of potassium fertilizer.
2. After the flowering, the fruit and fertilizer will be traced. After the flowering, the young fruit and the new shoot will grow rapidly. At this time, the fertilizer can promote the growth of the new shoot, enlarge the area and thickness of the leaf, improve the photosynthetic efficiency and reduce the physiological fruit drop. For example, if the amount of fertilizer applied during the flowering period is large, the fertilization can be appropriately applied after the flowering.
3, before the flower bud differentiation, the application of germination and fertilizer: in this period, some new shoots have stopped growing, and the young fruit is rapidly expanding. At this time, if the appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied in time, the photosynthesis efficiency of the leaves can be effectively improved, nutrient accumulation can be promoted, flower bud differentiation can be facilitated, and the phenomenon of "fruit tree size" can be alleviated.
4, late growth stage after the application of strong fruit fertilizer: this stage of topdressing can not only increase the current year's output, improve fruit quality, but also promote flower bud differentiation, increase the accumulation of tree nutrients. 60% of the total amount of potassium fertilizer should be applied, 10% of the total amount of phosphate fertilizer, and 10% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
5, before and after fruit picking to protect the tree fertilizer: tree fertilizer is also known as the base fertilizer, fruit trees through a year of growth, flowering, the results, consume a lot of nutrients, and urgent need to timely supplement nutrition in winter, in order to help restore the tree The potential to enhance the ability of the tree to resist frost damage. Tree-preserving fertilizer should generally be applied 7 to 10 days before fruit ripening, and no later than November. All organic fertilizers should be applied, 90% of total phosphate fertilizer, 40% of total nitrogen fertilizer, and 20% of total potassium fertilizer.
Second, the best way to fertilize
The most ideal fertilization method for fruit trees should be the soil testing formula fertilization method advocated by the Ministry of Agriculture, that is, the balanced fertilization method, but this method requires certain conditions. In view of the lack of fertilizer in different soils, poor fertility, nutrient imbalance, salt collapse, etc., combined with the law of fertilizer absorption of fruit trees, balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element fertilizers can effectively fertilize the soil and save Fertilizers improve fruit quality and achieve rich economic returns.
Third, fertilizer and dosage of fertilization
The two top dressings before and after flowering should be closely combined with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer applied should be 1 kg of urea per mature tree. After three times of fertilization, organic fertilizer should be used as the main fertilizer. Phosphate and potassium fertilizers, generally 50 kg of human and feces, 1 kg of superphosphate and 0.5 kg of potassium phosphate are applied to each adult tree. Each top dressing should be carried out simultaneously with watering to facilitate better decomposition and full utilization of the fertilizer.
Fourth, the best part of fertilization
The roots in the roots of fruit trees are the main parts of fruit trees to absorb fertilizer. Therefore, applying fertilizer to the area where roots are distributed is the main measure to improve fertilizer efficiency.
In general, the distribution of horizontal roots is about 1 to 1.5 times that of the canopy, but most of the roots are concentrated on the outer edge of the canopy projection and a little further away. The vertical distribution of roots varies with tree species, soil quality, and management level. Under normal circumstances, apples, pears, grapes and other roots are distributed deeper, up to 70-80 cm, and more than 80% of the roots are concentrated in the deep soil of 60 cm; the roots of peach, plum, apricot and other roots are shallow. Most of them are distributed in soil layers about 40 cm deep. Therefore, only by grasping the above-mentioned characteristics and mastering the fertilization site of fruit trees can the maximum yield and quality of fertilizer be maximized.
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