Hydrogen embrittlement control
In any plating solution, a certain amount of hydrogen ions are more or less present due to the dissociation of water molecules. Therefore, in the electroplating process, the screw precipitates a metal (main reaction) at the same time as the hydrogen is precipitated (side reaction). The effects of hydrogen evolution are multifaceted, the most important of which is hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement is one of the most serious quality hazards in surface treatment. Screw parts with severe hydrogen evolution may break during use, causing serious accidents. Screw surface treatment technicians must master techniques to avoid and eliminate hydrogen embrittlement to minimize the effects of hydrogen embrittlement.
First, hydrogen embrittlement1. Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen embrittlement usually manifests as delayed fracture under stress. There have been galvanized parts such as automobile springs, washers, screws, leaf springs, etc., which have been broken several hours after assembly, and the breaking ratio is 40% to 50%. A special product cadmium-plated part has experienced batch crack cracking during its use. It has organized national research and developed a strict dehydrogenation process. In addition, some hydrogen embrittlement does not appear to be delayed fracture. For example, electroplating hangers (steel wire, copper wire) have been subjected to multiple plating and pickling deplating, and hydrogen permeation is serious, and a fold occurs frequently in use. Brittle fracture phenomenon; the mandrel for precision forging of shotguns, after repeated chrome plating, smashed to the ground; some quenched parts (large internal stress) cracked during pickling. These parts have severe hydrogen permeation and cracks are generated without external stress, and it is no longer possible to use hydrogen to restore the original toughness.
2. Hydrogen embrittlement mechanismThe delayed fracture phenomenon occurs because hydrogen in the screw part diffuses and accumulates at a portion where stress is concentrated, and there are many metal defects in the stress concentration portion (atomic lattice misalignment, holes, etc.). Hydrogen diffuses to these defects, and the hydrogen atoms become hydrogen molecules, which generate a huge pressure. This pressure forms a resultant force with the residual stress inside the material and the applied stress of the material. When the resultant force exceeds the yield strength of the material, it will cause A fracture occurs. Since hydrogen embrittlement is related to the diffusion of hydrogen atoms, diffusion takes time, and the rate of diffusion is related to the concentration gradient, temperature, and material type. Therefore, screw hydrogen embrittlement usually manifests as delayed fracture.
Hydrogen atoms have a minimum atomic radius and are easily diffused in metals such as steel and copper, while hydrogen diffusion in cadmium, tin, zinc and their alloys is difficult. The cadmium-plated layer is the most difficult to diffuse. Hydrogen generated during cadmium plating initially stays in the plating layer and the metal surface under the coating layer. It is difficult to diffuse outward, and hydrogen removal is particularly difficult. After a period of time, hydrogen diffuses into the interior of the metal, especially the hydrogen entering the internal defects of the screw metal, which is difficult to diffuse. The diffusion rate of hydrogen at normal temperature is quite slow, so immediate heating is required to dehydrogenate. Increasing the temperature increases the solubility of hydrogen in steel. Excessive temperature will reduce the hardness of the material. Therefore, the temperature selection before de-stressing and de-hydrogenation after plating must be considered not to reduce the hardness of the material. Brittle tempering temperature does not destroy the performance of the coating itself.
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