2 Evolution of gear measurement technology
Looking at the development of gear measurement technology in the past century, it is mainly manifested in three aspects [8]:
1) In terms of measurement principle, the development from "comparative measurement" to "engagement motion measurement" to "modeled measurement" is realized.
2) In the technical means of realizing the measurement principle, it has undergone the evolution from "mechanical-based" to "electromechanical integration" until today's "light-machine-electricity" and "information technology".
3) In terms of the expression and utilization of the measurement results, it has gone through a leap from "instruction table plus naked eye reading" to "recorder recording plus manual judgment" until "computer automatic analysis and feedback of measurement results to manufacturing system". At the same time, the gear meter has experienced a single-parameter single-parameter instrument (a typical instrument has a single-disk involute inspection instrument), a single-variety multi-parameter instrument (a typical instrument has a tooth-toothed inspection instrument), to a variety of varieties The evolution of multi-parameter instruments (typical instruments have gear measurement centers).
2.1 Mechanical development measurement technology [9]
Before the 1970s, the principle of gear measurement was mainly based on comparative measurement, and its essence was relative measurement. There are two specific ways: one is to compare the measured gear with a standard gear to obtain various errors; the other is to develop the measurement method, which is to form the standard characteristic line of the moving mechanism of the instrument and the actual measured gear. The characteristic lines are compared to determine the corresponding error; and the precise development motion is achieved by means of some precision mechanisms. Different feature lines require different development mechanisms, and the same development motion can be achieved with different mechanical structures. The main disadvantage of comparative measurement is that the measurement accuracy depends on the accuracy of the standard part or the development mechanism, the mechanical structure is complex, and the flexibility is poor. The same gear requires multiple instruments to measure.
From the 1920s to the end of the 1960s, countries have studied mechanical display measurement techniques for nearly half a century. In the early days, he focused on the research of involute display technology, and later transplanted the measurement ideas into the spiral measurement. He has developed a variety of mechanical involute development mechanisms, such as single disc and disc lever. Sinusoidal lever type, relying mode, etc. Especially the disc lever type is the most widely used. The instruments belonging to this category are: Zeiss V G450, Carl Mahr 890 and 891S, MAAG SP60 and HP100, Osaka Seiki GC -4H and GC - 6H, and Harbin 3201. For profile error measurement, mechanical spread measurement techniques are limited to involute tooth profile error measurements. For the measurement of the end profile of non-involute gears, it is very difficult to measure by the forming method because the forming mechanism is too complicated and lacks versatility. For the precise spiral forming mechanism, the sinusoidal principle is mainly used, but the way of accurately converting the linear motion of the sinusoidal scale into the rotational motion of the workpiece to be tested is different. This type of mechanism is most typical for hob spiral measurement. For example, the UWM type hob measuring instrument produced by Fet te, Germany, the universal hob measuring instrument produced by Zeiss factory, the universal hob measuring instrument designed by the former Soviet Union Ð’ÐИИ , Su-130 type hob measuring instrument of Samputensili factory in Italy, universal hob measuring instrument produced by Michigan company, Klingelnberg's PWF250/300, and so on.
Before the 1970s, mechanical display measurement technology has matured and has stood the test in production practice. To date, instruments based on these technologies are still a common tool for some factories to detect gears. However, after the 1970s, with the advent of electronic display-type measurement technology, the development of mechanical display-type measurement technology was declared to be over.
2.2 Gear overall error measurement technology [10]
1970 was a turning point in gear measurement technology. The gear error measurement technology and the appearance of the gear measuring machine (center) solve a problem in the field of gear measurement, that is, to quickly acquire all the error information of the gear on one instrument. Although these two technologies are based on modern light, machine, electricity, computer and other technologies, they have embarked on different technical routes. The gear overall error measurement technique extracts individual errors and other useful information from the integrated gear measurement. In 1970, China made a breakthrough in gear measurement technology and invented the principle of overall gear error measurement based on "jumping" worm.
After more than 30 years of improvement and promotion [11], this method originating from the measurement of involute cylindrical gears has become the motion geometry measurement method of transmission components [12], and the standard components used also extend from the worm to the gears and racks. Wait. The basic idea is to make the measured object as a rigid functional component or transmission component to mesh with another standard component, and to reverse the error of the measured object by measuring the meshing motion error. Its distinctive features are: visually reflecting the gear meshing transmission process and accurately revealing the variation law of the gear individual error and the relationship between the errors, especially suitable for gear process error analysis and dynamic performance prediction. The instrument using this method has high measurement efficiency and is suitable for part inspection and on-line sorting measurement in mass production. However, this method requires standard components and the measurement accuracy is not only related to the measuring instrument, but also depends on the accuracy of the standard components. The typical instrument is the CZ450 gear overall error measuring instrument, CSZ500 bevel gear measuring machine and CQB700 cycloidal gear measuring instrument produced by Chengdu Tool Research Institute. The patent for the overall error measurement technology of bevel gear developed in China has been sold to Germany. Germany has also developed the overall error measurement technology and instrument for cylindrical gears.
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