Feed additives are the "heart" and "soul" of compound feed. In the middle of the 20th century, feed additives were mainly vitamins. Later, with the industrialization of the aquaculture industry, antibiotics, chemical synthetic drugs and hormonal veterinary drug additives appeared in order to prevent and cure diseases. The application of these veterinary drug additives has contributed greatly to the healthy development of the animal husbandry and to meet the demand for animal food, but it has also brought about a series of problems. Because these drugs can accumulate in animals, which affects the quality of animal products, and thus affects human health through the food chain. Therefore, limiting the residues of veterinary drugs in animal products has received increasing attention. Analysis of the list of veterinary drug residue control proposed by the EU and Hong Kong can be found that the veterinary drugs involved are mainly "Western veterinary drugs" such as antibiotics, chemical synthetic drugs and hormones (relative to China's "Chinese veterinary drugs"), which solves veterinary drugs for us. The residual problem found a breakthrough. The author believes that Chinese herbal medicine (Chinese medicine, herbal medicine) feed additives will have a great contribution to the development of foreign-oriented aquaculture.
1 Advantages of Chinese herbal feed additives
Chinese herbal medicine is a natural resource coexisting with humans and animals, including medicinal plants, medicinal animals, medicinal minerals and their by-products. Compared with the western veterinary drug feed additive, the Chinese herbal medicine feed additive has its advantages: First, it has a variety of nutrients and biological activities, and has the duality of nutrients and drugs, which can prevent disease and cure diseases and improve animal performance. Second, it is not easy to form residues in animals, thus ensuring the quality of animal products; third, animals generally do not develop resistance to Chinese herbal medicines, and there will be no "lower and lower efficacy" due to drug resistance problems. The vicious circle phenomenon of increasing dosage – the residue is getting more and more serious: Fourthly, the Chinese herbal medicine feed additive currently used does not contain benzene ring from the chemical composition and chemical structure of the Chinese herbal medicine which has been analyzed clearly. Carcinogens such as nitro and nitrite can avoid the triad (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic) problems caused by western medicine. China's development of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives also has its unique advantages: First, the application of Chinese herbal medicine in China has a long history, accumulated rich and valuable experience, and formed a unique theoretical system; Second, China has a vast territory, a wide variety of Chinese herbal medicines, and abundant resources. It can be taken locally; thirdly, China has a research and teaching team of Chinese medicine and Chinese veterinary medicine, and systematically studies the compatibility of Chinese herbal medicines, active ingredients, and preparation of preparations.
2 Application in the pig industry
Traditional applications are mainly for weight gain, while less attention is paid to meat quality and lean meat. The application of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives in export-oriented pig farms can be considered from the following aspects:
2.1 Promote the weight gain of pigs: The main principle of formula is spleen and digestion, commonly used drugs such as Jianqu, malt, Atractylodes, Astragalus and so on. The key spleen digestion formula can achieve two goals, one is to improve feed utilization, and the other is to increase feed intake. Hong Kong and European and American countries require high lean meat quality and low fat for pork quality. Therefore, the use of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives in pigs should strictly control the feed intake of pigs. Excessive intake of feed, due to less exercise in pigs, excess nutrients will be converted into fat, leading to thickening of pork fat and affecting pork quality.
2.2 Promote breeding of pigs: Pig farms often have excessive breeding of boars, which leads to decreased libido, decreased sperm motility, and decreased sperm count. According to the formula principle of tonifying kidney and strengthening yang, strengthening spleen and replenishing qi, it can add appropriate amount of Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus, Ancillite, Dodder, Cistanche and Epimedium in the boar feed. For sows, people want to increase the number of births and minimize the interval between the fetuses to improve the utilization rate of the sows. Many traditional Chinese medicines have the effect of promoting animal estrus and increasing the number of ovulation in animals. The principle of medication is Bushen Yijing and Zhuangyang aphrodisiac. Commonly used drugs are Epimedium, Cuscuta, Motherwort, Rehmannia, Cinnamon and Angelica. In addition, motherwort, Wang Buliu, Mutong, Tongcao, Angelica and other medicines can be added to the sow feed to increase the sow's milk production, thereby increasing the weaning weight of the piglets; Pulsatilla, Atractylodes and Astragalus, etc., pass the drug to the piglets through breast milk to prevent diseases such as white piglets and improve the survival rate of piglets.
2.3 Disease prevention and treatment:
Although most Chinese herbal medicines have weak antibacterial and antiviral effects in vitro, or have no antibacterial and antiviral effects, they have good preventive effects on most bacterial diseases and some viral diseases. The mechanism is to achieve antibacterial and antiviral effects by regulating the immune function inside the body, especially the non-specific immune function. The principle of medication is Buzhong Yiqi, Qingrejiedu. Commonly used drugs for Buzhong Yiqi include Astragalus, Codonopsis, Atractylodes, and licorice. Commonly used drugs for clearing away heat and detoxification include Daqingye, Banlangen, Forsythia, Zihuadi, Houttuynia, and Hedyotis diffusa. In addition, many Chinese herbal medicines have a good control effect on human and animal parasitic diseases. Commonly used drugs include Guanzhong, Betel Nut, Baizi, Gentleman, Pumpkin Seed, Bitter Skin, Artemisia annua and Agrimony.
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3 Application in the poultry industry
The poultry Chinese herbal medicine feed additive was recorded earlier in the Ming Dynasty "Sanitary Easy and Simple Side" book "foster chicken and duck, with soil sulfur yellow fine, mix well with rice, feed for a few days that is fat." After many times, many ancient agricultural books quoted the party. So far, in some rural areas, there is still a custom of feeding chicken with sulfur yellow rice. However, the sulfur content of sulfur is high, and it is often mixed with impurities such as arsenic and iron, which tends to accumulate in the chicken body and should not be used for a long time. In the ancient books (Generalized by Hurricane), Weiji Yubian, and Sannongji, there are also records of feeding eggs with horses to promote egg production. When using Chinese herbal medicine feed additives for export-oriented poultry farms, the following aspects can be considered. :
3.1 Disease prevention and treatment: The export-oriented poultry farms are mostly modern farms that are intensively reared. The breeding density is high, and prevention and treatment are the key to improving the survival rate. In the past two decades, antibiotics and insect-resistant drugs such as oxytetracycline, monensin and chlorpheniramine have been used as additives in the farm for a long time. Although certain pre-marketing withdrawal periods are prescribed, poultry and eggs are included. There is still a certain amount of drug residue. The use of Chinese herbal medicine additives to control poultry diseases is an effective measure to overcome this drawback. The Chinese veterinarian believes that the poultry disease is hot and humid, so the principle of Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of poultry diseases is mainly heat, detoxification and dampness. For bacterial diseases such as white peony, colibacillosis, staphylococcal disease, aspergillosis, cholera, etc., commonly used drugs are astragalus, berberine, rhubarb, andrographis, sophora flavescens and musk. For infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease, fowl pox and other viral diseases, commonly used drugs are Radix Isatidis, Folium Isatidis, Honeysuckle, etc.: for infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, etc. For diseases with respiratory symptoms, drugs such as Bupleurum, dandelion, Shandou root, Shegan, Campanulaceae, Fritillaria and Aster can be used to relieve cough, asthma, and phlegm. Due to the poor digestion ability of poultry, the crude fiber content of Chinese herbal medicine is higher, and the digestion and utilization rate of the drug is lower in the poultry or sick poultry. Therefore, it is advisable to add the Chinese herbal medicine decoction into the drinking water for the diseased poultry or young poultry.
3.2 Promote egg production: The formation of eggs depends on the normal function of the ovary of the female bird on the one hand and the adequate nutrition of the female bird on the other hand. The principle of Chinese herbal medicine to promote the laying of eggs for mothers is mainly to tonify the kidney and soothe the nerves, and to eliminate the spleen. The commonly used drugs are cumin, sheep red glutinous rice, sour jujube kernel, Yuanzhi, scutellaria, pine needle powder and paulownia.
3.3 Improve the quality of poultry and eggs: change the color of poultry or egg yolk by adding certain ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine, or increase the content of certain beneficial ingredients (such as vitamins and trace elements) in human eggs. Or enriching certain drugs in eggs for human consumption is an application direction of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives in the poultry industry. The market for selenium-enriched eggs, high-zinc eggs, medicine eggs and other health-care eggs are well received by consumers. Commonly used drugs are salvia, seaweed, kelp, carrot, pepper, marigold, calendula, seaweed, medical stone and zeolite. These drugs are rich in vitamins, trace elements and other nutrients beneficial to humans.
3.4 Heat stress resistance: Intensive poultry farms, especially chicken farms, due to high stocking density, poor heat insulation and ventilation conditions in summer poultry houses often lead to reduced feed intake, decreased egg production, and even death. Wait for heat stress. The use of Chinese herbal medicine additives to improve the body environment and improve the body's ability to feel heat stress is an effective measure against heat stress. According to the pathogenesis of heat stress syndrome, the principles of Chinese herbal medicines include several aspects:
3.4.1 Heat removal: Glycer, lotus leaf and other medicines can be used for heat-clearing and lowering fire; Qinglan detoxification can be used with Banlangen, dandelion, Andrographis paniculata and Hedyotis diffusa; and Qingreliangxue can be used for raw land, Pulsatilla and other medicines.
3.4.2 Calm and soothe the anti-convulsions: calm and soothe the nerves can choose the drugs such as Yanhusuo, Jujube Plant and Yuanzhi; anti-convulsions can be used with hook vine, silkworm, calamus and earthworm.
3.4.3 Regulating Metabolism and Immune Function: Regulating Metabolism: Algae, Codonopsis, Schisandra and Ophiopogon may be used. The immune function may be adjusted by using Astragalus, Jujube, Epimedium, Psoralen and Ligustrum.
3.4.4 Jianweixiaoshi: You can choose Hawthorn, Malt and Liuqu.
4 Applications in other aquaculture industries
4.1 Beekeeping:
Rickets, cystic larvae, etc. are common diseases of bees. In order to prevent diseases such as bee sting, beekeepers often spray antibiotic preparations on the hive, resulting in higher antibiotic residues in honey, affecting the quality of honey. Recently, the Sichuan Bee Industry Association and the relevant units have cooperated to develop a Chinese herbal medicine preparation for preventing and controlling bee sting disease. After promotion and use, the effect is very good, and the honey produced meets the requirements of the importing country.
4.2 Aquaculture:
Although there have been records of the use of Chinese herbal medicines to control fish diseases in the Ming Dynasty, the application of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives in the aquaculture industry has a short history. At present, there are only a small amount of fish growth, treatment of fish bacterial enteritis, turtle white background. Application of the disease. Because Chinese herbal medicine has the advantages of small toxic and side effects and difficulty in accumulating residues, it has broad prospects in the application of export-oriented aquaculture. It is recommended that aquaculture professional technicians and Chinese veterinary medical personnel strengthen cooperation and vigorously carry out research on fish Chinese herbal medicine feed additives to promote the development of foreign aquaculture industry.
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Light environment is one of the important physical environmental factors that are indispensable for plant growth and development. Through light quality regulation, controlling plant morphology is an important technology in the field of facility cultivation.
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