I. Introduction As we all know, electric submersible pump is one of the more oil recovery equipment in the oil field. In essence, the electric submersible pump is a multi-stage centrifugal pump working in the well, with the tubing into the downhole, the ground power through the transformer, control panel and electric submersible pump dedicated cable to the underground electric submersible pump motor, the motor driven Multi-stage centrifugal pump rotation, the electrical energy into mechanical energy, the liquid wells up to the ground. There are two main problems in the application of electric submersible pump in oil field. First, how to save energy and how to control the electric submersible pump to make it work in the best condition. As the electric submersible pump is below the ground 2Km bottom of the work, the working environment is very harsh (high temperature, strong temperature, etc.), the general use of traditional power supply, that work under the full power frequency, and thus frequent failures, high operating costs. On the one hand, when the electric submersible pump starts at power frequency, the starting current is large and the voltage drop of the motor cable is large, so that the reverse voltage of the motor cable during startup is higher, the insulation performance of the cable is reduced, and each time the power is turned on, life. Electric submersible pump repair costs only as much as a project as much as 50,000 yuan, the value of 100,000 yuan on average put on the cable to be replaced 5 times to be replaced, the average electric submersible pump to repair once every 10 months, the maintenance cost to be 80,000 yuan, so that operating costs increase. Electric submersible pump on the other hand, under normal work, the prevalence of the motor load rate than teach low case, "big horse car" phenomenon is serious, resulting in a huge waste of electricity. In addition, the electric submersible pump to reduce power factor, power consumption, work frequency, ESP always work at rated speed, if the amount of fluid in short supply, easily lead to "dead wells" in the event of dead wells, the heavy losses. The correct solution is that the ESP should be able to adjust the pumping capacity according to the geological conditions to balance supply with demand. However, the traditional adjustment method is to change the nozzle to adjust the output, which not only results in the waste of energy but also can not be precisely controlled. Sometimes makes the motor and pump running at high pressure for a long time; sometimes make the well out of the sand serious, shortening the life of the equipment, so the field of electric submersible pump system control related technical issues a brief discussion is necessary. This article mainly discusses the characteristics of the controlled object, the selection of control strategy, the control algorithm and the application of VVVF technology. Second, the characteristics of the oil field Oil production is the oil field as a special controlled object to be controlled, and therefore must first understand some of the properties shown in the oil field mining process. One of the most important is time-variability, due to the complex and changeable geological conditions, to sum up the following features. For the ESP system, from the macroscopic point of view, the characteristics of the controlled object are mainly shown in the following aspects: (1) the unknown, time-varying, randomness and dispersion of the system parameters; (2) the unknown of the system delay Sexual and time-varying; (3) Serious non-linearity of the system; (4) Correlation between system variables; (5) Unknown, diversity and randomness of environmental interference. These features bring many problems to system modeling and control. Third, the problems in control Faced with the above characteristics, because it belongs to the control of complex objects (or process) of uncertainty, the traditional control is powerless, mainly in: (1) deterministic problem traditional control (such as PID ) Is based on the mathematical model of control, that control, objects and interference model is known or can be obtained by identification. However, many of the control problems in oilfield systems are uncertain and often even abruptly change. For the "unknown", uncertain or little-known control problems, it is difficult to model with the traditional methods and thus can not achieve effective control; (2) In the highly nonlinear traditional control theory, for a highly nonlinear control object Although there are some non-linear methods available, in general, nonlinear theory is far less mature than linear theory, because the method is too complicated and difficult to apply. There are a lot of nonlinear problems in the oilfield system; (3) Semi-structured and unstructured problems. The traditional control theory mainly uses the differential equation, the state equation and the various mathematical transformations as the research tools. The essence of the traditional control theory is a kind of numerical calculation method, belonging to the quantitative control category. It requires that the control problem has a high degree of structuring and is easy to be described by a quantitative mathematical method or Modeling. However, the most attention and need to be supported in the oilfield system is sometimes precisely the semi-structured and unstructured problems. (4) The problem of system complexity According to the viewpoint of system engineering, the generalized object should include the objects and locations in the usual sense. environment of. However, the relationship among subsystems in the oilfield system is complicated. The coupling and mutual restraint of each element are highly complicated and sometimes unpredictable. (5) Reliability Problems Conventional mathematical model-based control problems tend to be interdependent. Although the system based on this method often has the contradiction between robustness and sensitivity, The reliability of the control of simple systems is not a problem. For oilfield systems, if the above method is used, the entire control system may collapse due to the change of conditions. Thus, the traditional method can not be effective for oilfield system control, we must explore more effective control strategies and methods. Fourth, the system modeling problems Oilfield system is characterized by classical mathematics have not considered. Although probability theory deals with uncertainty, it has its own underlying assumptions. These basic assumptions limit its use in expert systems and of course limit its use in other areas. It can only deal with problems that contain randomness, neither do I know nor blur. In fact, the four kinds of uncertainty information people find at present are gray information and unidentified information besides random information and fuzzy information. These four kinds of uncertain information are often presented at the same time in an oilfield system or simultaneously. At the same time, they affect people's understanding of system features and functions and affect people's research, management and control of oilfield systems. Moreover, no matter from the connotation of the concept or the axiomatic system and the theory of set theory, the four kinds of uncertainty information have the necessary connection. Therefore, to establish the basic control model describing the oilfield system and realize the comprehensive treatment of the oilfield information in the control system is a difficult and urgent problem to be solved urgently. Electric submersible pump system control is the need to establish a model, but the control model is not the same mathematical model described with strict mathematical expressions. The essence of the model is to describe the nature of things, the description can be described in strict mathematical way, called the mathematical model; also can be described in language, called the language model; as well as framework models, logical models, etc., according to the object The complexity of the decision whether to choose which description more reflects the nature of the object. In complex oilfield systems, methods of combining qualitative and quantitative methods are often used. Such models have the following characteristics: (1) The integrity of system information Living with known information and unknown information, a variety of uncertain information co-exist; deterministic information and uncertainty information together. They are interrelated, mutually influential, mutually restrictive, and under certain conditions, mutual transformation, but the total quantity will not change. (2) The dynamics of system development Like ordinary things, the system of uncertainty and its factors are all functions of time. They all change over time, develop, decay, and transform. Oilfield Submersible Pump Workflow (3) Observability of System Information The process of human cognition of things is not only the process of obtaining information, but also the objective of human beings through the use of the formation of standards, scales (which can be collectively referred to as the scale) on the system The factors of the measurement process. Because the generation of uncertainty information is the inevitable result of material movement, it must be followed by law, observable, and recognizable. (4) The hierarchy of system information The system can be divided into different levels. In the macroscopic view, it is uncertain information, and at the micro level, relative certainty information can be separated. With the deepening of levels, people's understanding of the system is more profound. (5) The grayness of system information Uncertainty information is observable, which can increase observability with the deepening of hierarchy. But "uncertain information is inevitable." Therefore, the uncertainty information is not completely known, only partially known, partially unknown, although the unknown part can be deepened and narrowed with the measurement level; and there is also information loss in the known information. This part of the known (white), part of the unknown (black) phase relationship called gray sex. 5 Selection of Control Strategy Modern control theory developed in the 1950s, whether it is state space law or black box method based on I / O description, is an accurate mathematical description of the basis of its analysis and design system. If the mathematical model of the object (or process) is not known, then it must first be modeled mathematically, but whether it is optimal control or adaptive control, the premise of the discussion is to require an accurate mathematical model, and obviously not for complex systems in the field on
Weld Neck Flange
Professional Weld Neck Flange manufacturer is located in China
Standard:
ANSI B16.5,ANSI B16.47,ANSI B16.48, ANSI B16.36, MSS SP-44
EN1092-1 BS 4054
DIN2632 PN10 WNRF
DIN2633 PN16 WNRF
DIN2634 PN25 WNRF
DIN2635 PN40 WNRF
Size: 1/2''~60''
Class Rating: 150~2500
Facing: RF(raised face);FF(flat face);RTJ(ring type joint);RJ(ring joint face)
TG(tongue and groove face);MFM(male and female face)
Manufacturing process: Push, Press, Forge, Cast, etc.
Material:
Carbon steel:
ASTM A105;
ASTM A266 GR.1,GR.2,GR.3,GR.4
Stainless steel:
304/SUS304/UNS S30400/1.4301
304L/UNS S30403/1.4306;
304H/UNS S30409/1.4948;
309S/UNS S30908/1.4833
309H/UNS S30909;
310S/UNS S31008/1.4845;
310H/UNS S31009;
316/UNS S31600/1.4401;
316Ti/UNS S31635/1.4571;
316H/UNS S31609/1.4436;
316L/UNS S31603/1.4404;
316LN/UNS S31653;
317/UNS S31700;
317L/UNS S31703/1.4438;
321/UNS S32100/1.4541;
321H/UNS S32109;
347/UNS S34700/1.4550;
347H/UNS S34709/1.4912;
348/UNS S34800;
Alloy steel:
ASTM A694 F42/F46/F48/F50/F52/F56/F60/F65/F70;
ASTM A182 F5a/F5/F9/F11/F12/F22/F91;
ASTM A350 LF1/LF2/LF3;
Duplex steel:
ASTM A182 F51/S31803/1.4462;
ASTM A182 F53/S2507/S32750/1.4401;
ASTM A182 F55/S32760/1.4501/Zeron 100;
2205/F60/S32205;
ASTM A182 F44/S31254/254SMO/1.4547;
17-4PH/S17400/1.4542/SUS630/AISI630;
F904L/NO8904/1.4539;
725LN/310MoLN/S31050/1.4466
253MA/S30815/1.4835;
Nickel alloy steel:
Alloy 200/Nickel 200/NO2200/2.4066/ASTM B366 WPN;
Alloy 201/Nickel 201/NO2201/2.4068/ASTM B366 WPNL;
Alloy 400/Monel 400/NO4400/NS111/2.4360/ASTM B366 WPNC;
Alloy K-500/Monel K-500/NO5500/2.475;
Alloy 600/Inconel 600/NO6600/NS333/2.4816;
Alloy 601/Inconel 601/NO6001/2.4851;
Alloy 625/Inconel 625/NO6625/NS336/2.4856;
Alloy 718/Inconel 718/NO7718/GH169/GH4169/2.4668;
Alloy 800/Incoloy 800/NO8800/1.4876;
Alloy 800H/Incoloy 800H/NO8810/1.4958;
Alloy 800HT/Incoloy 800HT/NO8811/1.4959;
Alloy 825/Incoloy 825/NO8825/2.4858/NS142;
Alloy 925/Incoloy 925/NO9925;
Hastelloy C/Alloy C/NO6003/2.4869/NS333;
Alloy C-276/Hastelloy C-276/N10276/2.4819;
Alloy C-4/Hastelloy C-4/NO6455/NS335/2.4610;
Alloy C-22/Hastelloy C-22/NO6022/2.4602;
Alloy C-2000/Hastelloy C-2000/NO6200/2.4675;
Alloy B/Hastelloy B/NS321/N10001;
Alloy B-2/Hastelloy B-2/N10665/NS322/2.4617;
Alloy B-3/Hastelloy B-3/N10675/2.4600;
Alloy X/Hastelloy X/NO6002/2.4665;
Alloy G-30/Hastelloy G-30/NO6030/2.4603;
Alloy X-750/Inconel X-750/NO7750/GH145/2.4669;
Alloy 20/Carpenter 20Cb3/NO8020/NS312/2.4660;
Alloy 31/NO8031/1.4562;
Alloy 901/NO9901/1.4898;
Incoloy 25-6Mo/NO8926/1.4529/Incoloy 926/Alloy 926;
Inconel 783/UNS R30783;
NAS 254NM/NO8367;
Monel 30C
Nimonic 80A/Nickel Alloy 80a/UNS N07080/NA20/2.4631/2.4952
Nimonic 263/NO7263
Nimonic 90/UNS NO7090;
Incoloy 907/GH907;
Nitronic 60/Alloy 218/UNS S21800
This flange is circumferentially welded into the systemat its neck which means that the integrity of the buttwelded area can be easily examined by radiography. The bores of both pipe and flange match, which Reduces turbulence and erosion inside the pipeline. The weld neck is therefore favoured in critical applications
Weld Neck Flange,RF Flange,Weld Neck Pipe Flange,Stainless Steel Flange Wled Neck Flange
HeBei GuangHao Pipe Fittings Co .,LTD (Cangzhou Sailing Steel Pipe Co., Ltd) , https://www.guanghaofitting.com